A recent archaeological study in Gua Mololo, a massive limestone cave in Waigeo, Indonesia, has revealed significant insights into the migration of Homo sapiens to the Pacific region. Conducted by an international team led by the University of Oxford, in collaboration with Universitas Gadjah Mada, the research indicates that humans spread from Eurasia to the Pacific over 55,000 to 50,000 years ago.
The excavation at Gua Mololo, located near the Mayalibit Bay, unearthed a crucial artifact: a resin piece estimated to be over 50,000 years old. This artifact is recognized as the oldest known plant-based tool created by humans outside Africa. The resin processing involved multiple steps, showcasing the sophisticated techniques of early humans.
Daud Tanudirjo, an archaeologist from Universitas Gadjah Mada, noted, "The complex processing of plants indicates that these humans were advanced, agile, and capable of creative solutions for survival in small tropical islands." The findings, published in the journal Antiquity in August 2024, also refine the timeline of human ancestors' arrival in Australia.
The resin artifact, measuring 13.5 mm wide and 5 mm thick, was not naturally rounded but square, confirming it was crafted through deliberate human action. The study utilized electron microscopy to analyze its structure, supporting the hypothesis of its complex manufacturing process.
Dylan Gaffney, the lead researcher from the University of Oxford, explained that the resin was highly flammable and served as an excellent light source in caves. The resin's origin was traced back to flowering plants, emphasizing its varied uses, including as fuel and adhesive for tools and boat construction.
The research challenges previous assumptions about the migration routes of Homo sapiens to the Pacific. Earlier theories suggested southern pathways through islands like Java and Timor, but this new evidence supports the idea of northern routes through Wallacea to Sahul, a submerged land connection between Papua and Australia.
Excavations at Gua Mololo revealed multiple layers of human habitation, including stone artifacts, animal bones, shells, and charcoal, suggesting that early humans lived in this cave system. Further investigations may clarify the timeline and routes of these ancient migrations and their potential impact on local megafauna extinction.