NASA has unveiled a revised approach to its Mars Sample Return Program, aimed at enhancing the likelihood of successfully bringing Martian rock and sediment samples to Earth. The agency will pursue two distinct landing architectures simultaneously, fostering competition and innovation, while also aiming for cost and schedule efficiencies.
The program's objective is to deepen understanding of the universe and ascertain whether Mars ever supported life. A definitive program design is anticipated to be confirmed in the latter half of 2026.
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson emphasized the importance of this dual-path strategy, stating, “These samples have the potential to change the way we understand Mars, our universe, and ultimately ourselves.”
In September 2024, NASA received 11 studies from various sources regarding optimal methods for returning Martian samples. A dedicated review team will assess these studies and recommend a primary architecture for the mission, including cost and schedule estimates.
Nicky Fox, head of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, noted, “We want to bring those back as quickly as possible to study them in state-of-the-art facilities.” The Mars Sample Return initiative is expected to provide insights into the planet's geological history and climate evolution, and to prepare for future human exploration of Mars.
NASA is evaluating two potential landing methods: one utilizing existing entry, descent, and landing designs, such as the sky crane technique used in previous missions, and another that leverages new commercial technologies.
The mission's landing platform will include a smaller version of the Mars Ascent Vehicle, with a radioisotope power system to ensure functionality through Martian dust storms. The orbiting sample container will store 30 sample tubes collected by the Perseverance rover, with a redesigned loading system to enhance planetary protection.
Both mission options will depend on a capture and return system aboard the European Space Agency's Earth Return Orbiter, which will secure the sample container in Martian orbit. The ESA is currently reviewing NASA's proposed plan.