Over four millennia ago, the fortress town of Gonur-Tepe was an advanced civilization buried under the dust of the Kara Kum desert in western Turkmenistan. Discovered by Soviet archaeologists in the last century, Gonur-Tepe was once home to thousands and is gradually revealing its mysteries with new artifacts uncovered each summer.
The complex spans approximately 30 hectares, with its scale best appreciated from the air, resembling a maze surrounded by vast walls. Located 50 kilometers (30 miles) from the ancient city of Merv and near the modern city of Mary, the ruins highlight Turkmenistan's archaeological wealth.
Around 2000 BC, Gonur-Tepe served as the main settlement of the Margush region, known for one of the most sophisticated yet little-known Bronze Age civilizations. The site was covered by desert until the last century when archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi began excavations. At 84, he continues to work on the site, recalling his initial excitement at discovering this archaeological treasure.
Each digging season reveals the craftsmanship of the Bronze Age artisans, who created metalwork, silver and gold trinkets, and cult materials. Archaeologist Nadezhda Dubova noted the advanced techniques used by the craftsmen, including high-temperature stone molding and glazing.
This year, Gonur-Tepe yielded a remarkable mosaic, predating the standard era of mosaic-making in Greek and Roman antiquity. The site is central to a network of towns in the Morghab river delta, which flows through Turkmenistan from Afghanistan.