Fossils have long suggested that humans, Homo sapiens, are exceptional when it comes to adapting to diverse environments. From frozen tundras to mountaintops, we've made our home almost everywhere on Earth. However, a recent study challenges this narrative, proving that our early ancestors were also master adaptors, thriving in deserts millions of years before we even evolved.
Dr. Julio Mercader, an archaeologist at the University of Calgary, stated, "The conventional wisdom has been that our brains and adaptability have made us stand out among our ancient relatives. But our findings show that Homo erectus, our distant cousins, were remarkable adaptors too."
Dr. Mercader and his team examined the environment at Engaji Nanyori in northern Tanzania, where Homo erectus fossils had previously been discovered. Using fossil pollen, rock chemistry, and other indicators, they reconstructed the landscape a million years ago. Contrary to expectations, they found not open woodlands but a Mojave-like desert shrubland.
"How did Homo erectus survive and prosper in such a harsh environment?" Dr. Mercader asked. The answer lies in their adaptability. These early humans modified their scavenging strategies, seeking water sources that emerged after storms and hunting animals attracted to these temporary watering holes. They also upgraded their tools, favoring specific stone types and sharpening flakes with more precision. Once made, these improved tools were carried with them, showcasing their foresight.
Moreover, Homo erectus' adaptability may have facilitated their expansion beyond Africa. Engaji Nanyori was at the southern edge of a vast belt of desert shrublands stretching across the Middle East and into Asia. Their ability to thrive in harsh environments could have been a crucial factor in their journey across continents.
Dr. Elke Zeller, a climate scientist at the University of Arizona and not involved in the study, concurs. Her research, utilizing large-scale climate models, also indicates that Homo erectus thrived in conditions once deemed inhospitable for our ancestors. "These studies are painting a consistent picture," Dr. Zeller said. "We're increasingly finding that our adaptability began millions of years ago with our early relatives."