Recent archaeological discoveries in northwestern Egypt have unveiled the remains of an ancient military barracks, including a remarkably preserved bronze sword inscribed with the name of Pharaoh Ramses II. This sword, a symbol of the pharaoh's power, is just one of the significant finds from this important excavation.
The military complex, located approximately 90 kilometers south of Alexandria, was essential for defending Egypt's northern borders. It housed barracks for soldiers and storage facilities for weapons and food. During the height of the Ancient Egyptian Empire, these structures were crucial in protecting the territory from attacks by Libyan tribes and Sea Peoples, who threatened the region.
Although the exact age of the fort remains undetermined, it is confirmed to date back to the era of Ramses II, who ruled from 1279 to 1213 BC. Ramses II is renowned for being one of the most powerful and long-reigning pharaohs in Egyptian history, and his reign coincided with a period of economic prosperity and political stability known as the New Kingdom.
At that time, Egypt was a dominant power in the Eastern Mediterranean, engaged in wars against the Hittites and Libyans, necessitating the construction of barracks and fortifications throughout the region.
In addition to the bronze sword and a limestone block inscribed with Ramses II's name, numerous personal items belonging to the soldiers who lived at the site were discovered. These artifacts provide a rare glimpse into the daily lives of military personnel during that period.
The findings include weapons for warfare and hunting, everyday tools, and even ivory kohl applicators, a precious material used for cosmetics by both men and women in ancient Egypt.
Among the discoveries was a surprising burial: the remains of a cow, an animal the ancient Egyptians associated with divine powers, symbolizing strength, abundance, and prosperity. This finding, according to Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, highlights the significance of both military defense and religious practices in the settlement.
The uncovered buildings were constructed with mud bricks and divided into two identical blocks, separated by a narrow passageway. Mohammad Ismail Khaled, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, noted that some areas were designated for food storage, as evidenced by fragments of large terracotta jars and animal bones found inside.
Ayman Ashmawy, head of the Egyptian Antiquities Sector, also specified that jewelry made from semi-precious stones, such as carnelian and faience—typical of Egyptian traditions—was found, along with part of a bronze ring.
Among the most unique artifacts were several scarabs, small amulets shaped like sacred insects, symbolizing rebirth and protection. Some of these scarabs bear inscriptions referencing Egyptian deities, indicating that religious faith was deeply intertwined with the military and daily lives of the soldiers.
This significant discovery provides a snapshot of the historical and cultural context during Ramses II's reign. The finds, from weapons to decorations and the remains of the sacred cow, allow scholars to delve into the past and better understand the grandeur and organization of the Egyptian empire at a time when art, culture, and religion merged with military strategy to maintain the kingdom's stability.