In the frigid waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic, the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) emerges not only for its size—reaching over six meters—but also for its extraordinary longevity. This vertebrate, living in near-freezing temperatures, is considered the longest-living vertebrate in the world, with an average lifespan of 400 years and estimates reaching up to 500.
Recently, an international team of scientists sequenced 92% of the genome of this species, uncovering genetic secrets that could revolutionize aging studies. The genome of the Greenland shark is twice the size of the human genome and contains a high proportion of transposable elements, making up 70% of its DNA. These elements, typically harmful in other organisms, appear to play a protective role by repairing DNA and preventing the cumulative mutations that lead to premature aging.
This discovery opens a new field in molecular biology and medicine. According to Dr. Steve Hoffman, a co-author of the study, understanding how these sharks maintain genetic stability over centuries could aid in developing human therapies for aging-related diseases like cancer. However, Hoffman emphasizes that there is still a long way to go before these insights can translate into practical treatments for extending human life.
Despite their extraordinary capabilities, the Greenland shark faces serious conservation threats. It is currently listed as 'vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List due to bycatch and habitat degradation. Recent genomic research has been conducted under strict permits and controlled methods, raising debates about balancing scientific research and the conservation of this unique species.