Throughout 2025, numerous ceasefire proposals have been presented to mediate the conflict in Gaza, with varying degrees of acceptance from Hamas and Israel [2, 3, 9, 17]. These proposals often involve a phased approach, including the release of Israeli hostages in exchange for Palestinian prisoners, a temporary or extended ceasefire, and the increase of humanitarian aid to Gaza [2, 3, 19].
Hamas has expressed interest in proposals that include a full Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, a permanent truce, and the return of Palestinians [2]. However, Israel has, at times, insisted on separating issues and has been reluctant to commit to ending the war, prioritizing the defeat of Hamas [4, 8].
Negotiations have faced numerous challenges, including disagreements over the terms of the ceasefire, the release of hostages, and the future governance of Gaza [3, 16, 17]. Some reports indicate that Israel has demanded the disarmament of Hamas as a precondition for a truce, a condition that Hamas has firmly rejected [8, 16]. Despite these obstacles, efforts to broker a ceasefire continue, with Egypt and Qatar playing key roles as mediators [3, 8, 9, 17].