The sun has officially reached its solar maximum, a phase in its 11-year solar cycle characterized by increased magnetic activity and solar flares. This astronomical event is expected to enhance aurora activity across the Northern Hemisphere, allowing skywatchers to witness the northern lights more frequently.
Solar maximum occurs when the sun's magnetic poles flip, transitioning from a calm state to a more active one. NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) monitor sunspots, which are precursors to solar eruptions, to track the solar cycle's progress.
Recently, sunspots have increased, leading to significant solar flares and geomagnetic storms. These storms can disrupt satellite communications and power grids but also create stunning displays of the northern lights.
In early October, a powerful geomagnetic storm allowed observers from as far south as Alabama to view the auroras, prompting NOAA to issue a G4 geomagnetic storm watch. This classification indicates a severe level of solar activity, a rarity that has not been seen frequently in recent years.
The phenomenon occurs when charged particles from the sun collide with Earth's atmosphere, resulting in vibrant displays of light. The colors of the auroras depend on the types of gases present and the altitude of the collisions.
As the solar maximum continues into 2025, opportunities to view the northern lights will increase. The best viewing locations are typically near the magnetic poles, with Alaska being a prime destination in the United States.
For optimal viewing, experts recommend finding dark locations away from city lights, especially around midnight when conditions are most favorable.