Recent DNA analysis has unveiled that walrus ivory traded by the Vikings originated from Greenland and extended as far as the Middle East and Canada, highlighting the extensive trade networks of this ancient civilization.
Conducted by researchers from the University of Copenhagen, the study indicates that the Vikings regularly traveled approximately 6,000 kilometers to Pikialasorsuaq in Northwest Greenland, an area known for its harsh climatic conditions. Co-author Morten Tange Olsen noted, 'They probably didn't do it for the thrill of it, but to obtain this precious commodity, which they brought to Northern Europe and other parts of the world.'
The study also reveals that the Crusades disrupted the elephant ivory trade through the Middle East, making walruses from the Arctic vital sources of ivory. However, the specific origins and trading routes of walrus ivory had long been unclear.
By analyzing fragments of walrus skulls from Viking settlements in Europe, Greenland, and Canada, the researchers constructed a genetic map of Arctic walrus populations during the Viking era. They discovered that the Greenland Norse sourced ivory from High Arctic waters, particularly the North Water Polynya, and possibly from the Canadian Arctic.
Importantly, the findings suggest that the ancient Norse had more interactions with indigenous Arctic cultures, such as the Thule and Dorset, than previously thought. 'These results substantially expand the assumed range of Greenland Norse ivory harvesting activities,' the researchers stated.
This study underscores the Vikings' remarkable navigational skills and adaptability to harsh environments, enabling them to establish a global trade network that extended beyond Europe. Dr. Olsen concluded, 'Vikings were extremely well-travelled and had a well-established network that covered a larger area than previously believed.'