The Moon's surface experiences extreme temperature variations, making it one of the harshest environments in the solar system. During lunar daylight, temperatures can exceed 100 degrees Celsius, while in darkness, they can drop to minus 100 degrees Celsius. This phenomenon is attributed to the absence of an atmosphere, which on Earth moderates temperature extremes, allowing the Moon's surface to absorb and radiate heat based solely on sunlight exposure.
Data analyzed by experts, including John Monnier, a professor of astronomy at the University of Michigan, indicates that the Moon's regolith plays a significant role in these temperature shifts. Regolith is a poor conductor of heat, leading to rapid temperature changes on the surface while insulating the subsurface. Measurements taken during the Apollo missions revealed that temperatures beneath the surface were warmer by 40 to 45 kelvins compared to the lunar exterior.
Further research utilizing NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), launched in 2009, uncovered localized thermal anomalies. Findings from 2022 demonstrated that shaded areas within certain lunar pits maintained a consistent temperature of 17 degrees Celsius, indicating potential for future human habitation.
The lunar poles exhibit unique thermal environments due to the sun's low angle. Permanently shadowed craters, particularly at the south pole, can reach temperatures as low as minus 248.15 degrees Celsius. These craters are shielded from direct sunlight and secondary heat sources, such as reflected solar radiation, raising the possibility of trapped ice particles that could be crucial for future lunar exploration missions.
Understanding the Moon's thermal dynamics is vital for designing equipment that can withstand its conditions and for planning potential settlements. Ongoing studies aim to equip future missions with the knowledge necessary to navigate and thrive in the lunar environment.